- // Copyright 2007, Google Inc. 
- // All rights reserved. 
- // 
- // Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 
- // modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are 
- // met: 
- // 
- //     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 
- // notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 
- //     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above 
- // copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer 
- // in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the 
- // distribution. 
- //     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its 
- // contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from 
- // this software without specific prior written permission. 
- // 
- // THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS 
- // "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT 
- // LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR 
- // A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT 
- // OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, 
- // SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT 
- // LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, 
- // DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY 
- // THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT 
- // (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE 
- // OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 
-   
-   
- // Google Test - The Google C++ Testing and Mocking Framework 
- // 
- // This file implements a universal value printer that can print a 
- // value of any type T: 
- // 
- //   void ::testing::internal::UniversalPrinter<T>::Print(value, ostream_ptr); 
- // 
- // A user can teach this function how to print a class type T by 
- // defining either operator<<() or PrintTo() in the namespace that 
- // defines T.  More specifically, the FIRST defined function in the 
- // following list will be used (assuming T is defined in namespace 
- // foo): 
- // 
- //   1. foo::PrintTo(const T&, ostream*) 
- //   2. operator<<(ostream&, const T&) defined in either foo or the 
- //      global namespace. 
- // 
- // However if T is an STL-style container then it is printed element-wise 
- // unless foo::PrintTo(const T&, ostream*) is defined. Note that 
- // operator<<() is ignored for container types. 
- // 
- // If none of the above is defined, it will print the debug string of 
- // the value if it is a protocol buffer, or print the raw bytes in the 
- // value otherwise. 
- // 
- // To aid debugging: when T is a reference type, the address of the 
- // value is also printed; when T is a (const) char pointer, both the 
- // pointer value and the NUL-terminated string it points to are 
- // printed. 
- // 
- // We also provide some convenient wrappers: 
- // 
- //   // Prints a value to a string.  For a (const or not) char 
- //   // pointer, the NUL-terminated string (but not the pointer) is 
- //   // printed. 
- //   std::string ::testing::PrintToString(const T& value); 
- // 
- //   // Prints a value tersely: for a reference type, the referenced 
- //   // value (but not the address) is printed; for a (const or not) char 
- //   // pointer, the NUL-terminated string (but not the pointer) is 
- //   // printed. 
- //   void ::testing::internal::UniversalTersePrint(const T& value, ostream*); 
- // 
- //   // Prints value using the type inferred by the compiler.  The difference 
- //   // from UniversalTersePrint() is that this function prints both the 
- //   // pointer and the NUL-terminated string for a (const or not) char pointer. 
- //   void ::testing::internal::UniversalPrint(const T& value, ostream*); 
- // 
- //   // Prints the fields of a tuple tersely to a string vector, one 
- //   // element for each field. Tuple support must be enabled in 
- //   // gtest-port.h. 
- //   std::vector<string> UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStrings( 
- //       const Tuple& value); 
- // 
- // Known limitation: 
- // 
- // The print primitives print the elements of an STL-style container 
- // using the compiler-inferred type of *iter where iter is a 
- // const_iterator of the container.  When const_iterator is an input 
- // iterator but not a forward iterator, this inferred type may not 
- // match value_type, and the print output may be incorrect.  In 
- // practice, this is rarely a problem as for most containers 
- // const_iterator is a forward iterator.  We'll fix this if there's an 
- // actual need for it.  Note that this fix cannot rely on value_type 
- // being defined as many user-defined container types don't have 
- // value_type. 
-   
- // GOOGLETEST_CM0001 DO NOT DELETE 
-   
- #ifndef GTEST_INCLUDE_GTEST_GTEST_PRINTERS_H_ 
- #define GTEST_INCLUDE_GTEST_GTEST_PRINTERS_H_ 
-   
- #include <ostream>  // NOLINT 
- #include <sstream> 
- #include <string> 
- #include <utility> 
- #include <vector> 
- #include "gtest/internal/gtest-port.h" 
- #include "gtest/internal/gtest-internal.h" 
-   
- #if GTEST_HAS_STD_TUPLE_ 
- # include <tuple> 
- #endif 
-   
- #if GTEST_HAS_ABSL 
- #include "absl/strings/string_view.h" 
- #include "absl/types/optional.h" 
- #include "absl/types/variant.h" 
- #endif  // GTEST_HAS_ABSL 
-   
- namespace testing { 
-   
- // Definitions in the 'internal' and 'internal2' name spaces are 
- // subject to change without notice.  DO NOT USE THEM IN USER CODE! 
- namespace internal2 { 
-   
- // Prints the given number of bytes in the given object to the given 
- // ostream. 
- GTEST_API_ void PrintBytesInObjectTo(const unsigned char* obj_bytes, 
-                                      size_t count, 
-                                      ::std::ostream* os); 
-   
- // For selecting which printer to use when a given type has neither << 
- // nor PrintTo(). 
- enum TypeKind { 
-   kProtobuf,              // a protobuf type 
-   kConvertibleToInteger,  // a type implicitly convertible to BiggestInt 
-                           // (e.g. a named or unnamed enum type) 
- #if GTEST_HAS_ABSL 
-   kConvertibleToStringView,  // a type implicitly convertible to 
-                              // absl::string_view 
- #endif 
-   kOtherType  // anything else 
- }; 
-   
- // TypeWithoutFormatter<T, kTypeKind>::PrintValue(value, os) is called 
- // by the universal printer to print a value of type T when neither 
- // operator<< nor PrintTo() is defined for T, where kTypeKind is the 
- // "kind" of T as defined by enum TypeKind. 
- template <typename T, TypeKind kTypeKind> 
- class TypeWithoutFormatter { 
-  public: 
-   // This default version is called when kTypeKind is kOtherType. 
-   static void PrintValue(const T& value, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-     PrintBytesInObjectTo(static_cast<const unsigned char*>( 
-                              reinterpret_cast<const void*>(&value)), 
-                          sizeof(value), os); 
-   } 
- }; 
-   
- // We print a protobuf using its ShortDebugString() when the string 
- // doesn't exceed this many characters; otherwise we print it using 
- // DebugString() for better readability. 
- const size_t kProtobufOneLinerMaxLength = 50; 
-   
- template <typename T> 
- class TypeWithoutFormatter<T, kProtobuf> { 
-  public: 
-   static void PrintValue(const T& value, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-     std::string pretty_str = value.ShortDebugString(); 
-     if (pretty_str.length() > kProtobufOneLinerMaxLength) { 
-       pretty_str = "\n" + value.DebugString(); 
-     } 
-     *os << ("<" + pretty_str + ">"); 
-   } 
- }; 
-   
- template <typename T> 
- class TypeWithoutFormatter<T, kConvertibleToInteger> { 
-  public: 
-   // Since T has no << operator or PrintTo() but can be implicitly 
-   // converted to BiggestInt, we print it as a BiggestInt. 
-   // 
-   // Most likely T is an enum type (either named or unnamed), in which 
-   // case printing it as an integer is the desired behavior.  In case 
-   // T is not an enum, printing it as an integer is the best we can do 
-   // given that it has no user-defined printer. 
-   static void PrintValue(const T& value, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-     const internal::BiggestInt kBigInt = value; 
-     *os << kBigInt; 
-   } 
- }; 
-   
- #if GTEST_HAS_ABSL 
- template <typename T> 
- class TypeWithoutFormatter<T, kConvertibleToStringView> { 
-  public: 
-   // Since T has neither operator<< nor PrintTo() but can be implicitly 
-   // converted to absl::string_view, we print it as a absl::string_view. 
-   // 
-   // Note: the implementation is further below, as it depends on 
-   // internal::PrintTo symbol which is defined later in the file. 
-   static void PrintValue(const T& value, ::std::ostream* os); 
- }; 
- #endif 
-   
- // Prints the given value to the given ostream.  If the value is a 
- // protocol message, its debug string is printed; if it's an enum or 
- // of a type implicitly convertible to BiggestInt, it's printed as an 
- // integer; otherwise the bytes in the value are printed.  This is 
- // what UniversalPrinter<T>::Print() does when it knows nothing about 
- // type T and T has neither << operator nor PrintTo(). 
- // 
- // A user can override this behavior for a class type Foo by defining 
- // a << operator in the namespace where Foo is defined. 
- // 
- // We put this operator in namespace 'internal2' instead of 'internal' 
- // to simplify the implementation, as much code in 'internal' needs to 
- // use << in STL, which would conflict with our own << were it defined 
- // in 'internal'. 
- // 
- // Note that this operator<< takes a generic std::basic_ostream<Char, 
- // CharTraits> type instead of the more restricted std::ostream.  If 
- // we define it to take an std::ostream instead, we'll get an 
- // "ambiguous overloads" compiler error when trying to print a type 
- // Foo that supports streaming to std::basic_ostream<Char, 
- // CharTraits>, as the compiler cannot tell whether 
- // operator<<(std::ostream&, const T&) or 
- // operator<<(std::basic_stream<Char, CharTraits>, const Foo&) is more 
- // specific. 
- template <typename Char, typename CharTraits, typename T> 
- ::std::basic_ostream<Char, CharTraits>& operator<<( 
-     ::std::basic_ostream<Char, CharTraits>& os, const T& x) { 
-   TypeWithoutFormatter<T, (internal::IsAProtocolMessage<T>::value 
-                                ? kProtobuf 
-                                : internal::ImplicitlyConvertible< 
-                                      const T&, internal::BiggestInt>::value 
-                                      ? kConvertibleToInteger 
-                                      : 
- #if GTEST_HAS_ABSL 
-                                      internal::ImplicitlyConvertible< 
-                                          const T&, absl::string_view>::value 
-                                          ? kConvertibleToStringView 
-                                          : 
- #endif 
-                                          kOtherType)>::PrintValue(x, &os); 
-   return os; 
- } 
-   
- }  // namespace internal2 
- }  // namespace testing 
-   
- // This namespace MUST NOT BE NESTED IN ::testing, or the name look-up 
- // magic needed for implementing UniversalPrinter won't work. 
- namespace testing_internal { 
-   
- // Used to print a value that is not an STL-style container when the 
- // user doesn't define PrintTo() for it. 
- template <typename T> 
- void DefaultPrintNonContainerTo(const T& value, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-   // With the following statement, during unqualified name lookup, 
-   // testing::internal2::operator<< appears as if it was declared in 
-   // the nearest enclosing namespace that contains both 
-   // ::testing_internal and ::testing::internal2, i.e. the global 
-   // namespace.  For more details, refer to the C++ Standard section 
-   // 7.3.4-1 [namespace.udir].  This allows us to fall back onto 
-   // testing::internal2::operator<< in case T doesn't come with a << 
-   // operator. 
-   // 
-   // We cannot write 'using ::testing::internal2::operator<<;', which 
-   // gcc 3.3 fails to compile due to a compiler bug. 
-   using namespace ::testing::internal2;  // NOLINT 
-   
-   // Assuming T is defined in namespace foo, in the next statement, 
-   // the compiler will consider all of: 
-   // 
-   //   1. foo::operator<< (thanks to Koenig look-up), 
-   //   2. ::operator<< (as the current namespace is enclosed in ::), 
-   //   3. testing::internal2::operator<< (thanks to the using statement above). 
-   // 
-   // The operator<< whose type matches T best will be picked. 
-   // 
-   // We deliberately allow #2 to be a candidate, as sometimes it's 
-   // impossible to define #1 (e.g. when foo is ::std, defining 
-   // anything in it is undefined behavior unless you are a compiler 
-   // vendor.). 
-   *os << value; 
- } 
-   
- }  // namespace testing_internal 
-   
- namespace testing { 
- namespace internal { 
-   
- // FormatForComparison<ToPrint, OtherOperand>::Format(value) formats a 
- // value of type ToPrint that is an operand of a comparison assertion 
- // (e.g. ASSERT_EQ).  OtherOperand is the type of the other operand in 
- // the comparison, and is used to help determine the best way to 
- // format the value.  In particular, when the value is a C string 
- // (char pointer) and the other operand is an STL string object, we 
- // want to format the C string as a string, since we know it is 
- // compared by value with the string object.  If the value is a char 
- // pointer but the other operand is not an STL string object, we don't 
- // know whether the pointer is supposed to point to a NUL-terminated 
- // string, and thus want to print it as a pointer to be safe. 
- // 
- // INTERNAL IMPLEMENTATION - DO NOT USE IN A USER PROGRAM. 
-   
- // The default case. 
- template <typename ToPrint, typename OtherOperand> 
- class FormatForComparison { 
-  public: 
-   static ::std::string Format(const ToPrint& value) { 
-     return ::testing::PrintToString(value); 
-   } 
- }; 
-   
- // Array. 
- template <typename ToPrint, size_t N, typename OtherOperand> 
- class FormatForComparison<ToPrint[N], OtherOperand> { 
-  public: 
-   static ::std::string Format(const ToPrint* value) { 
-     return FormatForComparison<const ToPrint*, OtherOperand>::Format(value); 
-   } 
- }; 
-   
- // By default, print C string as pointers to be safe, as we don't know 
- // whether they actually point to a NUL-terminated string. 
-   
- #define GTEST_IMPL_FORMAT_C_STRING_AS_POINTER_(CharType)                \ 
-   template <typename OtherOperand>                                      \ 
-   class FormatForComparison<CharType*, OtherOperand> {                  \ 
-    public:                                                              \ 
-     static ::std::string Format(CharType* value) {                      \ 
-       return ::testing::PrintToString(static_cast<const void*>(value)); \ 
-     }                                                                   \ 
-   } 
-   
- GTEST_IMPL_FORMAT_C_STRING_AS_POINTER_(char); 
- GTEST_IMPL_FORMAT_C_STRING_AS_POINTER_(const char); 
- GTEST_IMPL_FORMAT_C_STRING_AS_POINTER_(wchar_t); 
- GTEST_IMPL_FORMAT_C_STRING_AS_POINTER_(const wchar_t); 
-   
- #undef GTEST_IMPL_FORMAT_C_STRING_AS_POINTER_ 
-   
- // If a C string is compared with an STL string object, we know it's meant 
- // to point to a NUL-terminated string, and thus can print it as a string. 
-   
- #define GTEST_IMPL_FORMAT_C_STRING_AS_STRING_(CharType, OtherStringType) \ 
-   template <>                                                           \ 
-   class FormatForComparison<CharType*, OtherStringType> {               \ 
-    public:                                                              \ 
-     static ::std::string Format(CharType* value) {                      \ 
-       return ::testing::PrintToString(value);                           \ 
-     }                                                                   \ 
-   } 
-   
- GTEST_IMPL_FORMAT_C_STRING_AS_STRING_(char, ::std::string); 
- GTEST_IMPL_FORMAT_C_STRING_AS_STRING_(const char, ::std::string); 
-   
- #if GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_STRING 
- GTEST_IMPL_FORMAT_C_STRING_AS_STRING_(char, ::string); 
- GTEST_IMPL_FORMAT_C_STRING_AS_STRING_(const char, ::string); 
- #endif 
-   
- #if GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_WSTRING 
- GTEST_IMPL_FORMAT_C_STRING_AS_STRING_(wchar_t, ::wstring); 
- GTEST_IMPL_FORMAT_C_STRING_AS_STRING_(const wchar_t, ::wstring); 
- #endif 
-   
- #if GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING 
- GTEST_IMPL_FORMAT_C_STRING_AS_STRING_(wchar_t, ::std::wstring); 
- GTEST_IMPL_FORMAT_C_STRING_AS_STRING_(const wchar_t, ::std::wstring); 
- #endif 
-   
- #undef GTEST_IMPL_FORMAT_C_STRING_AS_STRING_ 
-   
- // Formats a comparison assertion (e.g. ASSERT_EQ, EXPECT_LT, and etc) 
- // operand to be used in a failure message.  The type (but not value) 
- // of the other operand may affect the format.  This allows us to 
- // print a char* as a raw pointer when it is compared against another 
- // char* or void*, and print it as a C string when it is compared 
- // against an std::string object, for example. 
- // 
- // INTERNAL IMPLEMENTATION - DO NOT USE IN A USER PROGRAM. 
- template <typename T1, typename T2> 
- std::string FormatForComparisonFailureMessage( 
-     const T1& value, const T2& /* other_operand */) { 
-   return FormatForComparison<T1, T2>::Format(value); 
- } 
-   
- // UniversalPrinter<T>::Print(value, ostream_ptr) prints the given 
- // value to the given ostream.  The caller must ensure that 
- // 'ostream_ptr' is not NULL, or the behavior is undefined. 
- // 
- // We define UniversalPrinter as a class template (as opposed to a 
- // function template), as we need to partially specialize it for 
- // reference types, which cannot be done with function templates. 
- template <typename T> 
- class UniversalPrinter; 
-   
- template <typename T> 
- void UniversalPrint(const T& value, ::std::ostream* os); 
-   
- enum DefaultPrinterType { 
-   kPrintContainer, 
-   kPrintPointer, 
-   kPrintFunctionPointer, 
-   kPrintOther, 
- }; 
- template <DefaultPrinterType type> struct WrapPrinterType {}; 
-   
- // Used to print an STL-style container when the user doesn't define 
- // a PrintTo() for it. 
- template <typename C> 
- void DefaultPrintTo(WrapPrinterType<kPrintContainer> /* dummy */, 
-                     const C& container, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-   const size_t kMaxCount = 32;  // The maximum number of elements to print. 
-   *os << '{'; 
-   size_t count = 0; 
-   for (typename C::const_iterator it = container.begin(); 
-        it != container.end(); ++it, ++count) { 
-     if (count > 0) { 
-       *os << ','; 
-       if (count == kMaxCount) {  // Enough has been printed. 
-         *os << " ..."; 
-         break; 
-       } 
-     } 
-     *os << ' '; 
-     // We cannot call PrintTo(*it, os) here as PrintTo() doesn't 
-     // handle *it being a native array. 
-     internal::UniversalPrint(*it, os); 
-   } 
-   
-   if (count > 0) { 
-     *os << ' '; 
-   } 
-   *os << '}'; 
- } 
-   
- // Used to print a pointer that is neither a char pointer nor a member 
- // pointer, when the user doesn't define PrintTo() for it.  (A member 
- // variable pointer or member function pointer doesn't really point to 
- // a location in the address space.  Their representation is 
- // implementation-defined.  Therefore they will be printed as raw 
- // bytes.) 
- template <typename T> 
- void DefaultPrintTo(WrapPrinterType<kPrintPointer> /* dummy */, 
-                     T* p, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-   if (p == NULL) { 
-     *os << "NULL"; 
-   } else { 
-     // T is not a function type.  We just call << to print p, 
-     // relying on ADL to pick up user-defined << for their pointer 
-     // types, if any. 
-     *os << p; 
-   } 
- } 
- template <typename T> 
- void DefaultPrintTo(WrapPrinterType<kPrintFunctionPointer> /* dummy */, 
-                     T* p, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-   if (p == NULL) { 
-     *os << "NULL"; 
-   } else { 
-     // T is a function type, so '*os << p' doesn't do what we want 
-     // (it just prints p as bool).  We want to print p as a const 
-     // void*. 
-     *os << reinterpret_cast<const void*>(p); 
-   } 
- } 
-   
- // Used to print a non-container, non-pointer value when the user 
- // doesn't define PrintTo() for it. 
- template <typename T> 
- void DefaultPrintTo(WrapPrinterType<kPrintOther> /* dummy */, 
-                     const T& value, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-   ::testing_internal::DefaultPrintNonContainerTo(value, os); 
- } 
-   
- // Prints the given value using the << operator if it has one; 
- // otherwise prints the bytes in it.  This is what 
- // UniversalPrinter<T>::Print() does when PrintTo() is not specialized 
- // or overloaded for type T. 
- // 
- // A user can override this behavior for a class type Foo by defining 
- // an overload of PrintTo() in the namespace where Foo is defined.  We 
- // give the user this option as sometimes defining a << operator for 
- // Foo is not desirable (e.g. the coding style may prevent doing it, 
- // or there is already a << operator but it doesn't do what the user 
- // wants). 
- template <typename T> 
- void PrintTo(const T& value, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-   // DefaultPrintTo() is overloaded.  The type of its first argument 
-   // determines which version will be picked. 
-   // 
-   // Note that we check for container types here, prior to we check 
-   // for protocol message types in our operator<<.  The rationale is: 
-   // 
-   // For protocol messages, we want to give people a chance to 
-   // override Google Mock's format by defining a PrintTo() or 
-   // operator<<.  For STL containers, other formats can be 
-   // incompatible with Google Mock's format for the container 
-   // elements; therefore we check for container types here to ensure 
-   // that our format is used. 
-   // 
-   // Note that MSVC and clang-cl do allow an implicit conversion from 
-   // pointer-to-function to pointer-to-object, but clang-cl warns on it. 
-   // So don't use ImplicitlyConvertible if it can be helped since it will 
-   // cause this warning, and use a separate overload of DefaultPrintTo for 
-   // function pointers so that the `*os << p` in the object pointer overload 
-   // doesn't cause that warning either. 
-   DefaultPrintTo( 
-       WrapPrinterType < 
-                   (sizeof(IsContainerTest<T>(0)) == sizeof(IsContainer)) && 
-               !IsRecursiveContainer<T>::value 
-           ? kPrintContainer 
-           : !is_pointer<T>::value 
-                 ? kPrintOther 
- #if GTEST_LANG_CXX11 
-                 : std::is_function<typename std::remove_pointer<T>::type>::value 
- #else 
-                 : !internal::ImplicitlyConvertible<T, const void*>::value 
- #endif 
-                       ? kPrintFunctionPointer 
-                       : kPrintPointer > (), 
-       value, os); 
- } 
-   
- // The following list of PrintTo() overloads tells 
- // UniversalPrinter<T>::Print() how to print standard types (built-in 
- // types, strings, plain arrays, and pointers). 
-   
- // Overloads for various char types. 
- GTEST_API_ void PrintTo(unsigned char c, ::std::ostream* os); 
- GTEST_API_ void PrintTo(signed char c, ::std::ostream* os); 
- inline void PrintTo(char c, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-   // When printing a plain char, we always treat it as unsigned.  This 
-   // way, the output won't be affected by whether the compiler thinks 
-   // char is signed or not. 
-   PrintTo(static_cast<unsigned char>(c), os); 
- } 
-   
- // Overloads for other simple built-in types. 
- inline void PrintTo(bool x, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-   *os << (x ? "true" : "false"); 
- } 
-   
- // Overload for wchar_t type. 
- // Prints a wchar_t as a symbol if it is printable or as its internal 
- // code otherwise and also as its decimal code (except for L'\0'). 
- // The L'\0' char is printed as "L'\\0'". The decimal code is printed 
- // as signed integer when wchar_t is implemented by the compiler 
- // as a signed type and is printed as an unsigned integer when wchar_t 
- // is implemented as an unsigned type. 
- GTEST_API_ void PrintTo(wchar_t wc, ::std::ostream* os); 
-   
- // Overloads for C strings. 
- GTEST_API_ void PrintTo(const char* s, ::std::ostream* os); 
- inline void PrintTo(char* s, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-   PrintTo(ImplicitCast_<const char*>(s), os); 
- } 
-   
- // signed/unsigned char is often used for representing binary data, so 
- // we print pointers to it as void* to be safe. 
- inline void PrintTo(const signed char* s, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-   PrintTo(ImplicitCast_<const void*>(s), os); 
- } 
- inline void PrintTo(signed char* s, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-   PrintTo(ImplicitCast_<const void*>(s), os); 
- } 
- inline void PrintTo(const unsigned char* s, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-   PrintTo(ImplicitCast_<const void*>(s), os); 
- } 
- inline void PrintTo(unsigned char* s, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-   PrintTo(ImplicitCast_<const void*>(s), os); 
- } 
-   
- // MSVC can be configured to define wchar_t as a typedef of unsigned 
- // short.  It defines _NATIVE_WCHAR_T_DEFINED when wchar_t is a native 
- // type.  When wchar_t is a typedef, defining an overload for const 
- // wchar_t* would cause unsigned short* be printed as a wide string, 
- // possibly causing invalid memory accesses. 
- #if !defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(_NATIVE_WCHAR_T_DEFINED) 
- // Overloads for wide C strings 
- GTEST_API_ void PrintTo(const wchar_t* s, ::std::ostream* os); 
- inline void PrintTo(wchar_t* s, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-   PrintTo(ImplicitCast_<const wchar_t*>(s), os); 
- } 
- #endif 
-   
- // Overload for C arrays.  Multi-dimensional arrays are printed 
- // properly. 
-   
- // Prints the given number of elements in an array, without printing 
- // the curly braces. 
- template <typename T> 
- void PrintRawArrayTo(const T a[], size_t count, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-   UniversalPrint(a[0], os); 
-   for (size_t i = 1; i != count; i++) { 
-     *os << ", "; 
-     UniversalPrint(a[i], os); 
-   } 
- } 
-   
- // Overloads for ::string and ::std::string. 
- #if GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_STRING 
- GTEST_API_ void PrintStringTo(const ::string&s, ::std::ostream* os); 
- inline void PrintTo(const ::string& s, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-   PrintStringTo(s, os); 
- } 
- #endif  // GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_STRING 
-   
- GTEST_API_ void PrintStringTo(const ::std::string&s, ::std::ostream* os); 
- inline void PrintTo(const ::std::string& s, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-   PrintStringTo(s, os); 
- } 
-   
- // Overloads for ::wstring and ::std::wstring. 
- #if GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_WSTRING 
- GTEST_API_ void PrintWideStringTo(const ::wstring&s, ::std::ostream* os); 
- inline void PrintTo(const ::wstring& s, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-   PrintWideStringTo(s, os); 
- } 
- #endif  // GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_WSTRING 
-   
- #if GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING 
- GTEST_API_ void PrintWideStringTo(const ::std::wstring&s, ::std::ostream* os); 
- inline void PrintTo(const ::std::wstring& s, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-   PrintWideStringTo(s, os); 
- } 
- #endif  // GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING 
-   
- #if GTEST_HAS_ABSL 
- // Overload for absl::string_view. 
- inline void PrintTo(absl::string_view sp, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-   PrintTo(::std::string(sp), os); 
- } 
- #endif  // GTEST_HAS_ABSL 
-   
- #if GTEST_LANG_CXX11 
- inline void PrintTo(std::nullptr_t, ::std::ostream* os) { *os << "(nullptr)"; } 
- #endif  // GTEST_LANG_CXX11 
-   
- #if GTEST_HAS_TR1_TUPLE || GTEST_HAS_STD_TUPLE_ 
- // Helper function for printing a tuple.  T must be instantiated with 
- // a tuple type. 
- template <typename T> 
- void PrintTupleTo(const T& t, ::std::ostream* os); 
- #endif  // GTEST_HAS_TR1_TUPLE || GTEST_HAS_STD_TUPLE_ 
-   
- #if GTEST_HAS_TR1_TUPLE 
- // Overload for ::std::tr1::tuple.  Needed for printing function arguments, 
- // which are packed as tuples. 
-   
- // Overloaded PrintTo() for tuples of various arities.  We support 
- // tuples of up-to 10 fields.  The following implementation works 
- // regardless of whether tr1::tuple is implemented using the 
- // non-standard variadic template feature or not. 
-   
- inline void PrintTo(const ::std::tr1::tuple<>& t, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-   PrintTupleTo(t, os); 
- } 
-   
- template <typename T1> 
- void PrintTo(const ::std::tr1::tuple<T1>& t, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-   PrintTupleTo(t, os); 
- } 
-   
- template <typename T1, typename T2> 
- void PrintTo(const ::std::tr1::tuple<T1, T2>& t, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-   PrintTupleTo(t, os); 
- } 
-   
- template <typename T1, typename T2, typename T3> 
- void PrintTo(const ::std::tr1::tuple<T1, T2, T3>& t, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-   PrintTupleTo(t, os); 
- } 
-   
- template <typename T1, typename T2, typename T3, typename T4> 
- void PrintTo(const ::std::tr1::tuple<T1, T2, T3, T4>& t, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-   PrintTupleTo(t, os); 
- } 
-   
- template <typename T1, typename T2, typename T3, typename T4, typename T5> 
- void PrintTo(const ::std::tr1::tuple<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5>& t, 
-              ::std::ostream* os) { 
-   PrintTupleTo(t, os); 
- } 
-   
- template <typename T1, typename T2, typename T3, typename T4, typename T5, 
-           typename T6> 
- void PrintTo(const ::std::tr1::tuple<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6>& t, 
-              ::std::ostream* os) { 
-   PrintTupleTo(t, os); 
- } 
-   
- template <typename T1, typename T2, typename T3, typename T4, typename T5, 
-           typename T6, typename T7> 
- void PrintTo(const ::std::tr1::tuple<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7>& t, 
-              ::std::ostream* os) { 
-   PrintTupleTo(t, os); 
- } 
-   
- template <typename T1, typename T2, typename T3, typename T4, typename T5, 
-           typename T6, typename T7, typename T8> 
- void PrintTo(const ::std::tr1::tuple<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8>& t, 
-              ::std::ostream* os) { 
-   PrintTupleTo(t, os); 
- } 
-   
- template <typename T1, typename T2, typename T3, typename T4, typename T5, 
-           typename T6, typename T7, typename T8, typename T9> 
- void PrintTo(const ::std::tr1::tuple<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9>& t, 
-              ::std::ostream* os) { 
-   PrintTupleTo(t, os); 
- } 
-   
- template <typename T1, typename T2, typename T3, typename T4, typename T5, 
-           typename T6, typename T7, typename T8, typename T9, typename T10> 
- void PrintTo( 
-     const ::std::tr1::tuple<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10>& t, 
-     ::std::ostream* os) { 
-   PrintTupleTo(t, os); 
- } 
- #endif  // GTEST_HAS_TR1_TUPLE 
-   
- #if GTEST_HAS_STD_TUPLE_ 
- template <typename... Types> 
- void PrintTo(const ::std::tuple<Types...>& t, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-   PrintTupleTo(t, os); 
- } 
- #endif  // GTEST_HAS_STD_TUPLE_ 
-   
- // Overload for std::pair. 
- template <typename T1, typename T2> 
- void PrintTo(const ::std::pair<T1, T2>& value, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-   *os << '('; 
-   // We cannot use UniversalPrint(value.first, os) here, as T1 may be 
-   // a reference type.  The same for printing value.second. 
-   UniversalPrinter<T1>::Print(value.first, os); 
-   *os << ", "; 
-   UniversalPrinter<T2>::Print(value.second, os); 
-   *os << ')'; 
- } 
-   
- // Implements printing a non-reference type T by letting the compiler 
- // pick the right overload of PrintTo() for T. 
- template <typename T> 
- class UniversalPrinter { 
-  public: 
-   // MSVC warns about adding const to a function type, so we want to 
-   // disable the warning. 
-   GTEST_DISABLE_MSC_WARNINGS_PUSH_(4180) 
-   
-   // Note: we deliberately don't call this PrintTo(), as that name 
-   // conflicts with ::testing::internal::PrintTo in the body of the 
-   // function. 
-   static void Print(const T& value, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-     // By default, ::testing::internal::PrintTo() is used for printing 
-     // the value. 
-     // 
-     // Thanks to Koenig look-up, if T is a class and has its own 
-     // PrintTo() function defined in its namespace, that function will 
-     // be visible here.  Since it is more specific than the generic ones 
-     // in ::testing::internal, it will be picked by the compiler in the 
-     // following statement - exactly what we want. 
-     PrintTo(value, os); 
-   } 
-   
-   GTEST_DISABLE_MSC_WARNINGS_POP_() 
- }; 
-   
- #if GTEST_HAS_ABSL 
-   
- // Printer for absl::optional 
-   
- template <typename T> 
- class UniversalPrinter<::absl::optional<T>> { 
-  public: 
-   static void Print(const ::absl::optional<T>& value, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-     *os << '('; 
-     if (!value) { 
-       *os << "nullopt"; 
-     } else { 
-       UniversalPrint(*value, os); 
-     } 
-     *os << ')'; 
-   } 
- }; 
-   
- // Printer for absl::variant 
-   
- template <typename... T> 
- class UniversalPrinter<::absl::variant<T...>> { 
-  public: 
-   static void Print(const ::absl::variant<T...>& value, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-     *os << '('; 
-     absl::visit(Visitor{os}, value); 
-     *os << ')'; 
-   } 
-   
-  private: 
-   struct Visitor { 
-     template <typename U> 
-     void operator()(const U& u) const { 
-       *os << "'" << GetTypeName<U>() << "' with value "; 
-       UniversalPrint(u, os); 
-     } 
-     ::std::ostream* os; 
-   }; 
- }; 
-   
- #endif  // GTEST_HAS_ABSL 
-   
- // UniversalPrintArray(begin, len, os) prints an array of 'len' 
- // elements, starting at address 'begin'. 
- template <typename T> 
- void UniversalPrintArray(const T* begin, size_t len, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-   if (len == 0) { 
-     *os << "{}"; 
-   } else { 
-     *os << "{ "; 
-     const size_t kThreshold = 18; 
-     const size_t kChunkSize = 8; 
-     // If the array has more than kThreshold elements, we'll have to 
-     // omit some details by printing only the first and the last 
-     // kChunkSize elements. 
-     // FIXME: let the user control the threshold using a flag. 
-     if (len <= kThreshold) { 
-       PrintRawArrayTo(begin, len, os); 
-     } else { 
-       PrintRawArrayTo(begin, kChunkSize, os); 
-       *os << ", ..., "; 
-       PrintRawArrayTo(begin + len - kChunkSize, kChunkSize, os); 
-     } 
-     *os << " }"; 
-   } 
- } 
- // This overload prints a (const) char array compactly. 
- GTEST_API_ void UniversalPrintArray( 
-     const char* begin, size_t len, ::std::ostream* os); 
-   
- // This overload prints a (const) wchar_t array compactly. 
- GTEST_API_ void UniversalPrintArray( 
-     const wchar_t* begin, size_t len, ::std::ostream* os); 
-   
- // Implements printing an array type T[N]. 
- template <typename T, size_t N> 
- class UniversalPrinter<T[N]> { 
-  public: 
-   // Prints the given array, omitting some elements when there are too 
-   // many. 
-   static void Print(const T (&a)[N], ::std::ostream* os) { 
-     UniversalPrintArray(a, N, os); 
-   } 
- }; 
-   
- // Implements printing a reference type T&. 
- template <typename T> 
- class UniversalPrinter<T&> { 
-  public: 
-   // MSVC warns about adding const to a function type, so we want to 
-   // disable the warning. 
-   GTEST_DISABLE_MSC_WARNINGS_PUSH_(4180) 
-   
-   static void Print(const T& value, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-     // Prints the address of the value.  We use reinterpret_cast here 
-     // as static_cast doesn't compile when T is a function type. 
-     *os << "@" << reinterpret_cast<const void*>(&value) << " "; 
-   
-     // Then prints the value itself. 
-     UniversalPrint(value, os); 
-   } 
-   
-   GTEST_DISABLE_MSC_WARNINGS_POP_() 
- }; 
-   
- // Prints a value tersely: for a reference type, the referenced value 
- // (but not the address) is printed; for a (const) char pointer, the 
- // NUL-terminated string (but not the pointer) is printed. 
-   
- template <typename T> 
- class UniversalTersePrinter { 
-  public: 
-   static void Print(const T& value, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-     UniversalPrint(value, os); 
-   } 
- }; 
- template <typename T> 
- class UniversalTersePrinter<T&> { 
-  public: 
-   static void Print(const T& value, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-     UniversalPrint(value, os); 
-   } 
- }; 
- template <typename T, size_t N> 
- class UniversalTersePrinter<T[N]> { 
-  public: 
-   static void Print(const T (&value)[N], ::std::ostream* os) { 
-     UniversalPrinter<T[N]>::Print(value, os); 
-   } 
- }; 
- template <> 
- class UniversalTersePrinter<const char*> { 
-  public: 
-   static void Print(const char* str, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-     if (str == NULL) { 
-       *os << "NULL"; 
-     } else { 
-       UniversalPrint(std::string(str), os); 
-     } 
-   } 
- }; 
- template <> 
- class UniversalTersePrinter<char*> { 
-  public: 
-   static void Print(char* str, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-     UniversalTersePrinter<const char*>::Print(str, os); 
-   } 
- }; 
-   
- #if GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING 
- template <> 
- class UniversalTersePrinter<const wchar_t*> { 
-  public: 
-   static void Print(const wchar_t* str, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-     if (str == NULL) { 
-       *os << "NULL"; 
-     } else { 
-       UniversalPrint(::std::wstring(str), os); 
-     } 
-   } 
- }; 
- #endif 
-   
- template <> 
- class UniversalTersePrinter<wchar_t*> { 
-  public: 
-   static void Print(wchar_t* str, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-     UniversalTersePrinter<const wchar_t*>::Print(str, os); 
-   } 
- }; 
-   
- template <typename T> 
- void UniversalTersePrint(const T& value, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-   UniversalTersePrinter<T>::Print(value, os); 
- } 
-   
- // Prints a value using the type inferred by the compiler.  The 
- // difference between this and UniversalTersePrint() is that for a 
- // (const) char pointer, this prints both the pointer and the 
- // NUL-terminated string. 
- template <typename T> 
- void UniversalPrint(const T& value, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-   // A workarond for the bug in VC++ 7.1 that prevents us from instantiating 
-   // UniversalPrinter with T directly. 
-   typedef T T1; 
-   UniversalPrinter<T1>::Print(value, os); 
- } 
-   
- typedef ::std::vector< ::std::string> Strings; 
-   
- // TuplePolicy<TupleT> must provide: 
- // - tuple_size 
- //     size of tuple TupleT. 
- // - get<size_t I>(const TupleT& t) 
- //     static function extracting element I of tuple TupleT. 
- // - tuple_element<size_t I>::type 
- //     type of element I of tuple TupleT. 
- template <typename TupleT> 
- struct TuplePolicy; 
-   
- #if GTEST_HAS_TR1_TUPLE 
- template <typename TupleT> 
- struct TuplePolicy { 
-   typedef TupleT Tuple; 
-   static const size_t tuple_size = ::std::tr1::tuple_size<Tuple>::value; 
-   
-   template <size_t I> 
-   struct tuple_element : ::std::tr1::tuple_element<static_cast<int>(I), Tuple> { 
-   }; 
-   
-   template <size_t I> 
-   static typename AddReference<const typename ::std::tr1::tuple_element< 
-       static_cast<int>(I), Tuple>::type>::type 
-   get(const Tuple& tuple) { 
-     return ::std::tr1::get<I>(tuple); 
-   } 
- }; 
- template <typename TupleT> 
- const size_t TuplePolicy<TupleT>::tuple_size; 
- #endif  // GTEST_HAS_TR1_TUPLE 
-   
- #if GTEST_HAS_STD_TUPLE_ 
- template <typename... Types> 
- struct TuplePolicy< ::std::tuple<Types...> > { 
-   typedef ::std::tuple<Types...> Tuple; 
-   static const size_t tuple_size = ::std::tuple_size<Tuple>::value; 
-   
-   template <size_t I> 
-   struct tuple_element : ::std::tuple_element<I, Tuple> {}; 
-   
-   template <size_t I> 
-   static const typename ::std::tuple_element<I, Tuple>::type& get( 
-       const Tuple& tuple) { 
-     return ::std::get<I>(tuple); 
-   } 
- }; 
- template <typename... Types> 
- const size_t TuplePolicy< ::std::tuple<Types...> >::tuple_size; 
- #endif  // GTEST_HAS_STD_TUPLE_ 
-   
- #if GTEST_HAS_TR1_TUPLE || GTEST_HAS_STD_TUPLE_ 
- // This helper template allows PrintTo() for tuples and 
- // UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStrings() to be defined by 
- // induction on the number of tuple fields.  The idea is that 
- // TuplePrefixPrinter<N>::PrintPrefixTo(t, os) prints the first N 
- // fields in tuple t, and can be defined in terms of 
- // TuplePrefixPrinter<N - 1>. 
- // 
- // The inductive case. 
- template <size_t N> 
- struct TuplePrefixPrinter { 
-   // Prints the first N fields of a tuple. 
-   template <typename Tuple> 
-   static void PrintPrefixTo(const Tuple& t, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-     TuplePrefixPrinter<N - 1>::PrintPrefixTo(t, os); 
-     GTEST_INTENTIONAL_CONST_COND_PUSH_() 
-     if (N > 1) { 
-     GTEST_INTENTIONAL_CONST_COND_POP_() 
-       *os << ", "; 
-     } 
-     UniversalPrinter< 
-         typename TuplePolicy<Tuple>::template tuple_element<N - 1>::type> 
-         ::Print(TuplePolicy<Tuple>::template get<N - 1>(t), os); 
-   } 
-   
-   // Tersely prints the first N fields of a tuple to a string vector, 
-   // one element for each field. 
-   template <typename Tuple> 
-   static void TersePrintPrefixToStrings(const Tuple& t, Strings* strings) { 
-     TuplePrefixPrinter<N - 1>::TersePrintPrefixToStrings(t, strings); 
-     ::std::stringstream ss; 
-     UniversalTersePrint(TuplePolicy<Tuple>::template get<N - 1>(t), &ss); 
-     strings->push_back(ss.str()); 
-   } 
- }; 
-   
- // Base case. 
- template <> 
- struct TuplePrefixPrinter<0> { 
-   template <typename Tuple> 
-   static void PrintPrefixTo(const Tuple&, ::std::ostream*) {} 
-   
-   template <typename Tuple> 
-   static void TersePrintPrefixToStrings(const Tuple&, Strings*) {} 
- }; 
-   
- // Helper function for printing a tuple. 
- // Tuple must be either std::tr1::tuple or std::tuple type. 
- template <typename Tuple> 
- void PrintTupleTo(const Tuple& t, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-   *os << "("; 
-   TuplePrefixPrinter<TuplePolicy<Tuple>::tuple_size>::PrintPrefixTo(t, os); 
-   *os << ")"; 
- } 
-   
- // Prints the fields of a tuple tersely to a string vector, one 
- // element for each field.  See the comment before 
- // UniversalTersePrint() for how we define "tersely". 
- template <typename Tuple> 
- Strings UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStrings(const Tuple& value) { 
-   Strings result; 
-   TuplePrefixPrinter<TuplePolicy<Tuple>::tuple_size>:: 
-       TersePrintPrefixToStrings(value, &result); 
-   return result; 
- } 
- #endif  // GTEST_HAS_TR1_TUPLE || GTEST_HAS_STD_TUPLE_ 
-   
- }  // namespace internal 
-   
- #if GTEST_HAS_ABSL 
- namespace internal2 { 
- template <typename T> 
- void TypeWithoutFormatter<T, kConvertibleToStringView>::PrintValue( 
-     const T& value, ::std::ostream* os) { 
-   internal::PrintTo(absl::string_view(value), os); 
- } 
- }  // namespace internal2 
- #endif 
-   
- template <typename T> 
- ::std::string PrintToString(const T& value) { 
-   ::std::stringstream ss; 
-   internal::UniversalTersePrinter<T>::Print(value, &ss); 
-   return ss.str(); 
- } 
-   
- }  // namespace testing 
-   
- // Include any custom printer added by the local installation. 
- // We must include this header at the end to make sure it can use the 
- // declarations from this file. 
- #include "gtest/internal/custom/gtest-printers.h" 
-   
- #endif  // GTEST_INCLUDE_GTEST_GTEST_PRINTERS_H_ 
-